Error message

  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementBase::execute($args = [], $options = []) should either be compatible with PDOStatement::execute(?array $params = null): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2244 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: session_set_save_handler(): Providing individual callbacks instead of an object implementing SessionHandlerInterface is deprecated in drupal_session_initialize() (line 242 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/session.inc).
  • Deprecated function: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in drupal_random_bytes() (line 2268 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DateObject::__wakeup() should either be compatible with DateTime::__wakeup(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include_once() (line 158 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DateObject::format($format, $force = false) should either be compatible with DateTime::format(string $format): string, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include_once() (line 158 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DateObject::setTimezone($tz, $force = false) should either be compatible with DateTime::setTimezone(DateTimeZone $timezone): DateTime, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include_once() (line 158 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated in SelectQuery->addTag() (line 978 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: rtrim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in url() (line 2349 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/common.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated in SelectQuery->addTag() (line 978 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated in SelectQuery->addTag() (line 978 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated in SelectQuery->addTag() (line 978 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated in SelectQuery->addTag() (line 978 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated in SelectQuery->addTag() (line 978 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated in SelectQuery->addTag() (line 978 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: strpos(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($haystack) of type string is deprecated in url_is_external() (line 2393 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/common.inc).
  • Deprecated function: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in url_is_external() (line 2395 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/common.inc).
  • Deprecated function: ltrim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in url() (line 2311 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/common.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated in SelectQuery->addTag() (line 978 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated in SelectQuery->addTag() (line 978 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated in DatabaseCondition->compile() (line 1865 of /mnt/webdev/sites/nonwoven/20171101202823/nonwoven/includes/database/query.inc).

Fiber Properties

The basic element of nonwovens are fibers.  Each process also leads to a different range of fabric properties, all available fibers cannot be used equally well in all nonwoven processes.  It is the selection of fibers that largely determines the properties of the final nonwoven products. The selection of fibers also depend on customer requirement, cost, process ability, changes of properties because of web formation and consolidation.

Although commercially important nonwoven fabrics have been limited to relatively few types there are many more that are suitable for nonwovens including wood pulp, cotton, rayon, acetate, and viscose etc.  The dominant fibers include polyolefins, polyester, and rayon.  These three fiber types make up a substantial part of the overall nonwovens markets for fibers.   The fibers can be in the form of filament, staple fiber or even yarn.

FIBER COMPARISON
 
POLYESTERPOLYPROPYLENERAYONNYLONPOLYETHYLENE
  • High strength
  • Dimensional stability and strength
  • Lightweight
  • Resistant to shrinking
  • Controlled elongation
  • Abrasion resistance
  • Mildew resistant
  • Flexible
  • Low moisture absorption
  • Quick drying
  • Chemical resistance in specific environments
  • Bio-compatible
  • Lightweight (floats on water)
  • Extremely low moisture regain
  • Quick drying
  • Highly resistant to mechanical abuse
  • Mildew and insect resistant
  • Chemical resistant
  • Abrasion resistant
  • Sunlight resistant
  • Colorfast
  • Highly absorbent
  • Soft and comfortable
  • Drapes well
  • excellent strength
  • flexibility
  • toughness
  • elasticity
  • abrasion resistance
  • washable
  • ease of drying
  • moisture absorption
  • insect & microbe resistant
  • Low specific gravity (floats on water)
  • Extremely low moisture regain
  • Quick drying
  • Mildew and insect resistant
  • Chemical resistant
  • Abrasion resistant
  • Sunlight resistant
  • Colorfast

PP fibers are not only inexpensive, but are hydrophobic, voluminous, and thermoplastic in nature.  Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used where strength and mechanical properties are of prime importance. Nylon fibers are used for their excellent recovery (resiliency) properties. Bicomponent fibers with different polymers in the core and sheath are widely used in thermally bonded nonwovens. 

SAMPLE APPLICATIONS

POLYESTERPOLYPROPYLENERAYONNYLONPOLYETHYLENE
  • Apparel
  • Home furnishings
  • Conveyor belts
  • Filters
  • Automotive
  • Filtration media
  • Protective clothing
  • Outerwear
  • Binding materials
  • Clothing
  • Tire cord
  • Industrial products
  • Blends well with other fibers
  • Shoulder straps
  • Harness webbing
  • Chin straps
  • Helmet suspension
  • Binding tapes
  • Lap belts
  • Shock absorbing webbing
  • Geotextiles
  • Outdoor furniture
  • Industrial
  • Filter fabric